"Educational Material on HIV": validity of health educational technology for people living with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: to validate the educational technology "Educational Material on HIV" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). METHODS: a methodological study with 39 expert judges in HIV/AIDS, using a 5-point Likert scale for assessment. Data were tabulated, processed and analyzed through descriptive analysis. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega tests were performed to analyze internal consistency, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, for reliability. Agreement was established by a Level Content Validity Index greater than 0.90. RESULTS: the assessment instrument showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.89; McDonald's omega of 0.91) with reliable values. Based on the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, judges' answers showed acceptable reliability, mean score 0.89 (p<0.001). Agreement among judges was greater than 0.90 in the three assessed dimensions (objectives, presentation and relevance). CONCLUSIONS: the technology was considered a qualified and adequate tool by the judges regarding its objectives, presentation and relevance.

Prevalência de reações adversas após vacinação contradengue em população jovem, no Paraná / Prevalence of adverse reactions after dengue vaccinein a young population, in Paraná

Objetivo: o presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar a prevalência de eventos adversos com uma vacina para dengue e sua correlação com características sociodemográficas e clínicas. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo de coorte, foi aplicado questionário aos participantes e realizado contato telefônico após as doses da vacina. Foram também utilizados os dados do prontuário eletrônico do HU de Londrina, do Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial do Paraná, do Sistema de Informação da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e do aplicativo de Controle de Vacinação da Dengue do Paraná. As associações entre as variáveis e a presença de reação vacinal foram realizadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher, após foi aplicada regressão logística binária. Resultados: dos 1.815 participantes, 6,5% tiveram alguma reação (sistêmica ou local) após a vacina. As reações mais prevalentes foram: cefaleia (59,6%), seguida de mal-estar (32,1%), febre (26,6%), mialgia (22%) e dor local (14,6%), sendo que a dor local foi a única reação que esteve presente nas três doses. Ocorreu maior chance de reação na primeira dose do que nas doses subsequentes (p<0,0001). Ser do sexo feminino [OR 1,701 (1,144-2,5416), p<0,009] aumentou a chance de reação vacinal; entretanto, ter doença de base [OR 0,001 (0,000-0,002), p=0,000] foi um fator protetor. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou baixa reação adversa na população vacinada com a vacina da dengue.

Objective: the present study's purpose is to demonstrate the prevalence of dengue vaccine adverse events and its correlation with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Material and Methodology: as a cohort study, a questionnaire and phone interviews were applied to the young adults, and data was collected from a database of local services, the Laboratory Environment Manager Abstract of Paraná, and the Dengue Vaccination Control Application. The relation between variables and the presence of vaccine reaction was made via the chi-squared and Fisher exact tests, afterwards, the binary logistic regression method was applied. Results: from 1,815 participants, 6.5% have had some reaction, systemic or local, after receiving the vaccine dose. The most recurrent reactions identified were headaches (59.6%), followed by malaise (32.1%), fever (26.6%), myalgia (22%), local pain (14.6%), considering the last one the only reaction present in three vaccine doses. The first vaccine dose has had a greater chance of reaction comparing to the subsequent doses (p<0.0001). Being female [OR 1.701 (1.144-2.5416), p<0.009] increased the chance of vaccine reaction; however, to have an underlying disease [OR 0.001(0.000-0.002), p=0.000] was a protective factor. Conclusion: the study demonstrated low adverse reactions in the population vaccinated with the dengue vaccine.

"Educational Material on HIV": validity of health educational technology for people living with HIV / "Material Educativo sobre VIH": validación de tecnología educativa en salud para personas que viven con VIH / "Material Educativo sobre HIV": validação de tecnologia educacional em saúde para pessoas vivendo com HIV

ABSTRACT Objectives: to validate the educational technology "Educational Material on HIV" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). Methods: a methodological study with 39 expert judges in HIV/AIDS, using a 5-point Likert scale for assessment. Data were tabulated, processed and analyzed through descriptive analysis. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega tests were performed to analyze internal consistency, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, for reliability. Agreement was established by a Level Content Validity Index greater than 0.90. Results: the assessment instrument showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.89; McDonald's omega of 0.91) with reliable values. Based on the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, judges' answers showed acceptable reliability, mean score 0.89 (p<0.001). Agreement among judges was greater than 0.90 in the three assessed dimensions (objectives, presentation and relevance). Conclusions: the technology was considered a qualified and adequate tool by the judges regarding its objectives, presentation and relevance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: validar la tecnología educativa "Material Educativo sobre VIH" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). Métodos: estudio metodológico con 39 jueces expertos en VIH/SIDA, utilizando una escala Likert de 5 puntos para evaluación. Los datos fueron tabulados, procesados y analizados mediante análisis descriptivo. Se realizaron las pruebas alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald para analizar la consistencia interna y el Intraclass Correlation Coefficient para la confiabilidad. La concordancia fue establecida por un Level Content Validity Index superior a 0,90. Resultados: el instrumento de evaluación mostró alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,89; omega de McDonald de 0,91) con valores confiables. Con base en el Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, las respuestas de los jueces mostraron una confiabilidad aceptable, puntaje promedio de 0,89 (p<0,001). La concordancia entre jueces fue superior a 0,90 en las tres dimensiones evaluadas (objetivos, presentación y relevancia). Conclusiones: la tecnología fue considerada una herramienta calificada y adecuada por los jueces en cuanto a sus objetivos, presentación y pertinencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: validar a tecnologia educacional "Material Educativo sobre HIV" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). Métodos: estudo metodológico com 39 juízes experts em HIV/AIDS, utilizando escala Likert de 5 pontos para avaliação. Os dados foram tabulados, processados e analisados mediante análise descritiva. Realizaram-se os Testes alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald para análise da consistência interna, e Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, para confiabilidade. A concordância foi estabelecida pelo Level Content Validity Index maior que 0,90. Resultados: o instrumento de avaliação apresentou alta consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,89; ômega de McDonald de 0,91) com valores confiáveis. A partir do Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, as respostas dos juízes apresentaram confiabilidade aceitável, escore médio 0,89 (p<0,001). A concordância entre os juízes foi superior a 0,90 nas três dimensões avaliadas (objetivos, apresentação e relevância). Conclusões: a tecnologia foi considerada uma ferramenta qualificada e adequada pelos juízes quanto aos seus objetivos, apresentação e relevância.

Colonization by multidrug-resistant microorganisms of hospitalized newborns and their mothers in the neonatal unit context.

INTRODUCTION: The mother plays a fundamental role in the constitution and regulation of her child's healthy microbiota, however, preterm newborns are separated from their mothers soon after birth and transferred to Neonatal Intensive Care Units, being exposed the constant risk for the development of multidrug-resistant microorganisms' infections. The aim of this study was to explore the multidrug-resistant microorganism colonization of hospitalized babies and their mothers in the neonatal unit context. METHODOLOGY: A prospective case study conducted with hospitalized babies and their mothers in the Neonatal Unit at a university hospital. The sample was composed of 433 binomials (mother-child). Colonization culture samples were taken at the moment of the baby's discharge, via two swabs in the oral, nasal, axillary, inguinal, and rectal regions. RESULTS: The colonization incidence among the binomials, 30 (6.9%) were both colonized by multi-resistant microorganisms. Mothers of colonized babies (24.4%) demonstrated a higher chance of colonization in comparison to mothers of non-colonized babies (11.9%) (p = 0.002). Relationships were drawn between baby colonization and prematurity, extremely low birth weight, and non-exclusive maternal breastfeeding (p<0.05). ESBL-producing Gram-negative microorganisms were more frequent in the cultures of the binomials, with 35.9% of the babies colonized with Klebsiella spp. ESBL and 42.0% of the mothers with Escherichia coli ESBL. Furthermore, 50% of the binomials were colonized with E. coli ESBL. CONCLUSION: The prematurity, extremely low birth weight, and non-exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge were associated with baby colonization by multidrug-resistant microorganism. Furthermore, mothers of colonized children presented higher chances of colonization.

Colonization profile and duration by multi-resistant organisms in a prospective cohort of newborns after hospital discharge.

The aim of this study was to determine the spontaneous decolonization period and characteristics in a prospective cohort of newborns colonized by multidrug-resistant organisms, after their discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Multidrug resistance is defined as bacterial non-susceptibility to ≥ 1 agent of ≥ 3 antimicrobial categories. In total, 618 newborns were included in the study, of which 173 (28.0%) presented a positive culture for multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and of these, 52 (30.1%) were followed up in this study. The most frequent intrinsic factors were be born by cesarean section (86.5%), prematurity (84.6%), and very low birth weight (76.9%). The extrinsic factors were having remained hospitalized for an average of 27 days, during which 67.3% were submitted to invasive procedures and 88.5% received antimicrobials. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors of newborns were not associated to a decolonization period longer or shorter than 3 months, which was the average period of decolonization found in the present study. From the totality of colonization cultures sampled at hospital discharge, the Gram-negative Extended Spectrum ß-lactamase producing bacteria were the most common, with 28.9% of babies colonized by Klebsiella spp. The median period of decolonization by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in the newborns population after hospital discharge was 3 months, but was highly dependent on the microbial species, and this period was not associated to any intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the newborn.

Impacto das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde nos custos da hospitalização de crianças / Impacto de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en los costos de la hospitalización de niños / Impact of healthcare-associated infections on the hospitalization costs of children

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o impacto das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde no custo da hospitalização de crianças. Método Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, quantitativo, envolvendo crianças admitidas nas Unidades de Internação e de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário público. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software SPSS por distribuição de frequências, medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Para todas as análises foi considerado o nível de significância estatística de p<0,05. Resultados A amostra foi composta de 173 crianças, destas, 18,5% desenvolveram infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde, que aumentou em 4,2 vezes (p<0,001) o custo da hospitalização. Maior impacto de custo foi observado entre pacientes com dois ou mais sítios infecciosos (R$ 81.037,57, p=0,010) e sepse (R$ 46.315,63 p<0,001). Crianças colonizadas por microrganismos multirresistentes, com prevalência de E. coli e A. baumannii ESBL, geraram custos maiores, R$ 35.206,15 e R$ 30.692,52, respectivamente. Conclusão As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde aumentaram significativamente os custos da hospitalização de crianças, em especial entre aquelas com mais de dois sítios infecciosos, que desenvolveram sepse e colonizadas por microrganismos multirresistentes.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el impacto de las Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria en el costo de la hospitalización de niños. Método Estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, cuantitativo, involucrando a niños ingresados en las Unidades de Hospitalización y de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de un hospital universitario público. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software SPSS por distribución de frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Para todos los análisis, se consideró el nivel de significación estadística de p<0,05. Resultado La muestra estuvo compuesta de 173 niños, de estos el 18,5% desarrollaron infección relacionada con la asistencia sanitaria, que aumentó 4,2 veces (p<0,001) el costo de la estancia hospitalaria. Mayor impacto de costo fue observado entre pacientes con dos o más sitios infecciosos (R$ 81.037,57, p=0,010) y sepsis (R$ 46.315,63 p<0,001). Niños colonizados por microorganismos multirresistentes, con prevalencia de E. coli y A. baumannii ESBL, generaron costos mayores, R$ 35.206,15 y R$ 30.692,52, respectivamente. Conclusión Las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria aumentaron significativamente los costos de la hospitalización de niños, en especial entre los con más de dos sitios infecciosos, que desarrollaron sepsis y colonizados por microorganismos multirresistentes.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the impact of Healthcare-Associated Infections on the hospitalization cost of children. Method A prospective, quantitative cohort study involving children admitted to the Inpatient and Pediatric Intensive Care Units of a public university hospital. The data were analyzed through SPSS software by frequency distribution, central tendency measures and dispersion. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05 for all analyzes. Results The sample consisted of 173 children, of whom 18.5% developed Healthcare-Associated Infections, which increased the hospitalization costs 4.2 times (p<0.001). A greater cost impact was observed among patients with two or more infectious sites (R$81,037.57; p=0.010) and sepsis (R$46,315.63; p<0.001). Children colonized by multiresistant microorganisms with a prevalence of E. coli and A. baumannii ESBL also generated higher costs of R$35,206.15 and R$30,692.52, respectively. Conclusion Healthcare-Associated Infections significantly increased the hospitalization costs for children, especially among those with more than two infectious sites, who developed sepsis or were colonized by multiresistant microorganisms.

Impact of healthcare-associated infections on the hospitalization costs of children. / Impacto das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde nos custos da hospitalização de crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Healthcare-Associated Infections on the hospitalization cost of children. METHOD: A prospective, quantitative cohort study involving children admitted to the Inpatient and Pediatric Intensive Care Units of a public university hospital. The data were analyzed through SPSS software by frequency distribution, central tendency measures and dispersion. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05 for all analyzes. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 173 children, of whom 18.5% developed Healthcare-Associated Infections, which increased the hospitalization costs 4.2 times (p<0.001). A greater cost impact was observed among patients with two or more infectious sites (R$81,037.57; p=0.010) and sepsis (R$46,315.63; p<0.001). Children colonized by multiresistant microorganisms with a prevalence of E. coli and A. baumannii ESBL also generated higher costs of R$35,206.15 and R$30,692.52, respectively. CONCLUSION: Healthcare-Associated Infections significantly increased the hospitalization costs for children, especially among those with more than two infectious sites, who developed sepsis or were colonized by multiresistant microorganisms.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women seen at the University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil / Prevalência e sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos de Streptococcus agalactiae em gestantes atendidas no Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

A retrospective study of pregnant women seen at the University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil was performed to determine the prevalence of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaginal-rectal colonization, and the GBS susceptibility for antimicrobials used in intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. A vaginal-rectal swab was collected from 2,901 women between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation. Of these, 527 (18.2%) had a positive culture for GBS, and 0.4%, 10.2% and 10% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. These results highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of GBS colonization in pregnant women for preventing GBS infections in neonates.

Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado com gestantes atendidas no Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil para determinar a prevalência de colonização vaginal-retal por estreptococos do Grupo B (EGB) e o perfil de sensibilidade de EGB aos antimicrobianos utilizados para a antibioticoterapia profilática intraparto. Swabs vaginais-retais foram coletados de 2.901 mulheres entre a 35ª e 37ª semana de gestação. Destes, 527 (18,2%) apresentaram cultura positiva para EGB, e 0,4%, 10,2% e 10% dos isolados foram resistentes à penicilina, eritromicina e clindamicina, respectivamente. Estes resultados destacam a importância de vigilância contínua da colonização por EGB em gestantes para a prevenção de infecções em neonatos por EGB.

Evaluation of the Western blotting method for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis / Avaliação do método Western Blotting para diagnóstico de toxoplasmose congênita

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the Western blotting method for the detection of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) (IgG-WB) in the serum of children with suspected congenital toxoplasmosis. Methods: We accompanied 47 mothers with acquired toxoplasmosis in pregnancy and their children, between June of 2011 and June of 2014. The IgG-WB was done in house and the test was considered positive if the child had antibodies that recognized at least one band on IgG blots different from the mother's or with greater intensity than the corresponding maternal band, during the first three months of life. Results: 15 children (15.1%) met the criteria for congenital toxoplasmosis and 32 (32.3%) had the diagnosis excluded. The symptoms were observed in 12 (80.0%) children and the most frequent were cerebral calcification in 9 (60.0%), chorioretinitis in 8 (53.3%), and hydrocephalus in 4 (26.6%). IgM antibodies anti-T. gondii detected by chemiluminescence (CL) were found in 6 (40.0%) children and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of T. gondii DNA was positive in 5 of 7 performed (71.4%). The sensitivity of IgG-WB was of 60.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 32.3-83.7%] and specificity 43.7% (95% CI 26.7-62.3%). The sensitivity of IgG-WB increased to 76.0 and 89.1% when associated to the research of IgM anti-T. gondii or PCR, respectively. Conclusions: The IgG-WB showed greater sensitivity than the detection of IgM anti-T. gondii; therefore, it can be used for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in association with other congenital infection markers.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o método Western Blotting para detecção de IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) (IgG-WB) no soro de crianças com suspeita de toxoplasmose congênita. Métodos: Acompanhamos 47 mães com toxoplasmose adquirida na gravidez e seus filhos, entre junho de 2011 e junho de 2014. O IgG-WB foi feito internamente e o teste foi considerado positivo quando a criança apresentava anticorpos que reconheciam pelo menos uma banda nas manchas de IgG diferente das bandas da mãe ou com maior intensidade do que a banda materna correspondente, durante os primeiros 3 meses de vida. Resultados: Atenderam aos critérios para diagnóstico de toxoplasmose congênita 15 crianças (15,1%) e 32 (32,3%) tiveram o diagnóstico excluído. Os sintomas foram observados em 12 crianças (80%) e os mais frequentes foram calcificação cerebral em nove (60%), coriorretinite em oito (53,3%) e hidrocefalia em quatro (26,6%). Os anticorpos IgM anti-T. gondii detectados por quimiluminescência (QL) foram encontrados em seis crianças (40%) e a reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) para detecção do DNA de T. gondii foi positiva em cinco de sete reações (71,4%). A sensibilidade do IgG-WB foi de 60% [intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%, 32,3 a 83,7%] e a especificidade foi de 43,7% (IC de 95%, 26,7 a 62,3%). A sensibilidade do IgG-WB aumentou para 76 e 89,1% quando relacionada à pesquisa de IgM anti-T. gondii ou à RCP, respectivamente. Conclusões: O IgG-WB mostrou maior sensibilidade do que a detecção de IgM anti-T. gondii; portanto, pode ser usado para o diagnóstico de toxoplasmose congênita em associação com outros marcadores de infecção congênita.

[Gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis: a practical approach to disease notification]. / Toxoplasmose adquirida na gestação e toxoplasmose congênita: uma abordagem prática na notificação da doença.

OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate the experience of implanting toxoplasmosis notification during pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis in a Sentinel Unit (SU) and describe reported cases. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of the implantation of a notification protocol using a specific notification form for suspected cases of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and congenital toxoplasmosis in a reference center in Paraná State, Brazil, from August 2013 to August 2014. RESULTS: all 64 suspected cases were notified and case investigation was completed by the SU Epidemiology Sector; 63 received prenatal care and 51 received treatment during pregnancy; 7 of the children being clinically monitored had confirmed diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. CONCLUSION: implanting toxoplasmosis notification afforded epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic data on the disease that contributed to the assessment of the clinical evolution of children exposed to Toxoplasma gondii.

Evaluation of the Western blotting method for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Western blotting method for the detection of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) (IgG-WB) in the serum of children with suspected congenital toxoplasmosis. METHODS: We accompanied 47 mothers with acquired toxoplasmosis in pregnancy and their children, between June of 2011 and June of 2014. The IgG-WB was done in house and the test was considered positive if the child had antibodies that recognized at least one band on IgG blots different from the mother's or with greater intensity than the corresponding maternal band, during the first three months of life. RESULTS: 15 children (15.1%) met the criteria for congenital toxoplasmosis and 32 (32.3%) had the diagnosis excluded. The symptoms were observed in 12 (80.0%) children and the most frequent were cerebral calcification in 9 (60.0%), chorioretinitis in 8 (53.3%), and hydrocephalus in 4 (26.6%). IgM antibodies anti-T. gondii detected by chemiluminescence (CL) were found in 6 (40.0%) children and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of T. gondii DNA was positive in 5 of 7 performed (71.4%). The sensitivity of IgG-WB was of 60.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 32.3-83.7%] and specificity 43.7% (95% CI 26.7-62.3%). The sensitivity of IgG-WB increased to 76.0 and 89.1% when associated to the research of IgM anti-T. gondii or PCR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The IgG-WB showed greater sensitivity than the detection of IgM anti-T. gondii; therefore, it can be used for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in association with other congenital infection markers.

ACUTE TOXOPLASMOSIS IN A BREASTFED INFANT WITH POSSIBLE TRANSMISSION BY WATER / Toxoplasmose aguda em um lactente durante a amamentação, com possível transmissão pela água

Toxoplasma gondii transmission via breastfeeding has been discussed; however, no cases have been confirmed to date. This article describes a case of acute toxoplasmosis diagnosed in a mother and her six-month-old breastfed infant. The study accounts for the possibility of breast milk transmission and directs both clinicians and pediatricians to the hypothesis that both patients acquired toxoplasmosis via water ingestion.

A transmissão do Toxoplasma gondii através do aleitamento materno tem sido discutida; no entanto, até o momento nenhum caso foi confirmado. Este artigo relata um caso de toxoplasmose aguda diagnosticada na mãe e no seu bebê com seis meses de vida, que estava em amamentação exclusiva. Embora apresente a possibilidade de transmissão pelo leite materno, o estudo chama a atenção de clínicos e pediatras para a mais provável hipótese de que ambos adquiriram toxoplasmose pela ingestão de água.

Evaluation of a recombinant rhoptry protein 2 enzyme-linked immunoassay for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an enzyme-linked immunoassay with recombinant rhoptry protein 2 (ELISA-rROP2) for its ability to detect Toxoplasma gondii ROP2-specific IgG in samples from pregnant women. The study included 236 samples that were divided into groups according to serological screening profiles for toxoplasmosis: unexposed (n = 65), probable acute infection (n = 48), possible acute infection (n = 58) and exposed to the parasite (n = 65). When an indirect immunofluorescence assay forT. gondii-specific IgG was considered as a reference test, the ELISA-rROP2 had a sensitivity of 61.8%, specificity of 62.8%, predictive positive value of 76.6% and predictive negative value of 45.4% (p = 0.0002). The ELISA-rROP2 reacted with 62.5% of the samples from pregnant women with probable acute infection and 40% of the samples from pregnant women with previous exposure (p = 0.0180). Seropositivity was observed in 50/57 (87.7%) pregnant women with possible infection. The results underscored that T. gondii rROP2 is recognised by specific IgG antibodies in both the acute and chronic phases of toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy. However, the sensitivity of the ELISA-rROP2 was higher in the pregnant women with probable and possible acute infections and IgM reactivity.

Evaluation of a recombinant rhoptry protein 2 enzyme-linked immunoassay for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy

The aim of this study was to evaluate an enzyme-linked immunoassay with recombinant rhoptry protein 2 (ELISA-rROP2) for its ability to detectToxoplasma gondii ROP2-specific IgG in samples from pregnant women. The study included 236 samples that were divided into groups according to serological screening profiles for toxoplasmosis: unexposed (n = 65), probable acute infection (n = 48), possible acute infection (n = 58) and exposed to the parasite (n = 65). When an indirect immunofluorescence assay forT. gondii-specific IgG was considered as a reference test, the ELISA-rROP2 had a sensitivity of 61.8%, specificity of 62.8%, predictive positive value of 76.6% and predictive negative value of 45.4% (p = 0.0002). The ELISA-rROP2 reacted with 62.5% of the samples from pregnant women with probable acute infection and 40% of the samples from pregnant women with previous exposure (p = 0.0180). Seropositivity was observed in 50/57 (87.7%) pregnant women with possible infection. The results underscored that T. gondii rROP2 is recognised by specific IgG antibodies in both the acute and chronic phases of toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy. However, the sensitivity of the ELISA-rROP2 was higher in the pregnant women with probable and possible acute infections and IgM reactivity.

Impacto de um bundle nas taxas de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica em Londrina-PR / Impact of the ventilator bundle on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates in a pediatric intensive care unit in Londrina-PR

Infecções associadas aos cuidados de saúde (IRAS) constituem importante preocupação à segurança do paciente ao redor do mundo. Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (VAP) é a principal causa de morte entre IRAS, com mortalidade de 15 a 70%, dependendo da população de pacientes. O Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) recomendou que todas as UTIs implementassem um bundle depara reduzir a taxa de PAV. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram analisar o efeito do pacote de intervenções de controle da infecção, a educação, as taxas de PAV na Unidade Pediátrica de Terapia Intensiva (UTIP)do Hospital Universitário de Londrina-PR. Este estudo foi realizado entre janeiro e dezembro de 2013 e consistiu em três períodos: pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção. A intervenção educativa foi dada a 86 trabalhadores da saúde (PS), e um questionário também foi realizado no pré e pós-intervenção. No geral,foram avaliadas 135 oportunidades de atendimento ao paciente. A higiene das mãos diminuiu do período pré para o pós-intervenção, entretanto a intubação gástrica por via oral, a manutenção da cabeceira da cama entre 30-45º, a pressão do cuff endotraqueal e remoção de condensação do circuito respirador aumentaram significativamente do período pré para o pós-intervenção. A taxa de PAV foi 49,6% durante o período de pré-intervenção e 17,5% durante o período pós-intervenção demonstrando uma redução de 64,8%. Nossos resultados mostram que a implementação do pacote de intervenções de controlo da infecção foi associada com uma redução significativa na taxa de VAP.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are an important patient safety concern around the globe. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is the leading cause of death among HAI, with attributable mortality ranging from 15 to 70% depending on the patient population. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that all ICUs implement a ventilator bundle to reduce the VAP rate. The purposes of the present study were to examine the effect of the bundle of infection control interventions, education, VAP rates in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Hospital Universitário of Londrina-PR. This study was conducted between January and December 2013 and consisted of three periods: pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention. An educational intervention was given to 86 health care workers (HCWs) about bundles to prevent VAP, and a questionnaire was also performed pre and post-intervention. Overall, 135 opportunities of patient care were evaluated. The compliance with hand hygiene and the use of gloves and gowns did not improve, but orotracheal intubation, maintenance of the patients in a 30-45º head of bed elevation, endotracheal cuff pressure and removal of condensate from ventilator circuts increased significantly when comparing pre-and post-intervention. The VAP rate was 49.6% during the pre-intervention period and 17.5% during the post-intervention period demonstrating a 64.8% reduction in VAP rate. Our results show that implementation of the bundle of infection control interventions was associated with a significant reduction in VAP rate.

ACUTE TOXOPLASMOSIS IN A BREASTFED INFANT WITH POSSIBLE TRANSMISSION BY WATER.

Toxoplasma gondii transmission via breastfeeding has been discussed; however, no cases have been confirmed to date. This article describes a case of acute toxoplasmosis diagnosed in a mother and her six-month-old breastfed infant. The study accounts for the possibility of breast milk transmission and directs both clinicians and pediatricians to the hypothesis that both patients acquired toxoplasmosis via water ingestion.

Congenital toxoplasmosis in a reference center of Paraná, Southern Brazil

This study describes the characteristics of 31 children with congenital toxoplasmosis children admitted to the University Hospital of Londrina, Southern Brazil, from 2000 to 2010. In total, 23 (85.2%) of the mothers received prenatal care but only four (13.0%) were treated for toxoplasmosis. Birth weight was <2500 g in 37.9% of the infants. During the first month of life, physical examination was normal in 34.5%, and for those with clinical signs and symptoms, the main manifestations were hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly (62.1%), jaundice (13.8%), and microcephaly (6.9%). During ophthalmic examination, 74.2% of the children exhibited injuries, 58.1% chorioretinitis, 32.3% strabismus, 19.4% microphthalmia, and 16.2% vitreitis. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibodies were detected in 48.3% of the children. Imaging brain evaluation was normal in 44.8%; brain calcifications, hydrocephaly, or both conditions were observed in 27.6%, 10.3%, and 17.2%, respectively, of the patients. Patients with cerebrospinal fluid protein > 200 mg/dL presented more brain calcifications (p = 0.0325). Other sequelae were visual impairment (55.2% of the cases), developmental delay (31.0%), motor deficit (13.8%), convulsion (27.5%), and attention deficit (10.3%). All patients were treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid, and 55.2% of them exhibited adverse effects. The results demonstrate the significance of the early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy to reduce congenital toxoplasmosis and its consequences.

Congenital toxoplasmosis in a reference center of Paraná, Southern Brazil.

This study describes the characteristics of 31 children with congenital toxoplasmosis children admitted to the University Hospital of Londrina, Southern Brazil, from 2000 to 2010. In total, 23 (85.2%) of the mothers received prenatal care but only four (13.0%) were treated for toxoplasmosis. Birth weight was <2500g in 37.9% of the infants. During the first month of life, physical examination was normal in 34.5%, and for those with clinical signs and symptoms, the main manifestations were hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly (62.1%), jaundice (13.8%), and microcephaly (6.9%). During ophthalmic examination, 74.2% of the children exhibited injuries, 58.1% chorioretinitis, 32.3% strabismus, 19.4% microphthalmia, and 16.2% vitreitis. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibodies were detected in 48.3% of the children. Imaging brain evaluation was normal in 44.8%; brain calcifications, hydrocephaly, or both conditions were observed in 27.6%, 10.3%, and 17.2%, respectively, of the patients. Patients with cerebrospinal fluid protein≥200mg/dL presented more brain calcifications (p=0.0325). Other sequelae were visual impairment (55.2% of the cases), developmental delay (31.0%), motor deficit (13.8%), convulsion (27.5%), and attention deficit (10.3%). All patients were treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid, and 55.2% of them exhibited adverse effects. The results demonstrate the significance of the early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy to reduce congenital toxoplasmosis and its consequences.

Gestational toxoplasmosis in Paraná State, Brazil: prevalence of IgG antibodies and associated risk factors

The aim of the present study was to verify the association between seropositivity for IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and social, economic and environmental variables of pregnant women attending the public health centers of Paraná, Brazil. From January 2007 to July 2010, 2226 pregnant women were interviewed and detection of anti-T. gondii specific IgG and IgM antibodies was performed by chemiluminescence test. Seropositivity for anti-T. gondii IgG was observed in 1151 (51.7%) pregnant women, 29 of which (1.3%) presented IgM reagent with IgG of high avidity. The variables associated with the presence of IgG were residency in the rural area, more than one pregnancy, less than or equal to eight years schooling, low per capita income, age group, raw or poorly cooked meat ingestion, and contact with the soil. There was neither association with raw fruit and vegetable ingestion nor with the presence of cats in the residencies.

Gestational toxoplasmosis in Paraná State, Brazil: prevalence of IgG antibodies and associated risk factors.

The aim of the present study was to verify the association between seropositivity for IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and social, economic and environmental variables of pregnant women attending the public health centers of Paraná, Brazil. From January 2007 to July 2010, 2226 pregnant women were interviewed and detection of anti-T. gondii specific IgG and IgM antibodies was performed by chemiluminescence test. Seropositivity for anti-T. gondii IgG was observed in 1151 (51.7%) pregnant women, 29 of which (1.3%) presented IgM reagent with IgG of high avidity. The variables associated with the presence of IgG were residency in the rural area, more than one pregnancy, less than or equal to eight years schooling, low per capita income, age group, raw or poorly cooked meat ingestion, and contact with the soil. There was neither association with raw fruit and vegetable ingestion nor with the presence of cats in the residencies.